Agonistic Pluralism

Agonistic Pluralism is a political and sociological theory emphasizing the value of ongoing conflict and debate within a democratic society, as opposed to striving for complete consensus. Coined by political theorist Chantal Mouffe, the concept recognizes that pluralistic societies are inherently composed of diverse and often conflicting interests, ideologies, and identities. Rather than suppressing disagreement, agonistic pluralism argues that democratic systems should provide a space for these tensions to be expressed and contested constructively. This approach distinguishes between adversaries—legitimate opponents within a shared democratic framework—and enemies who seek to undermine it. Sociologists and political scientists use agonistic pluralism to explore how conflict can promote democratic engagement, challenge hegemonic power, and foster a dynamic and inclusive public sphere while avoiding polarization and destructive hostility.