Activity Theory

Activity Theory is a sociological and psychological framework that examines human actions as goal-oriented activities embedded within cultural, historical, and social contexts. Rooted in the work of Lev Vygotsky and expanded by Alexei Leontiev and Yrjö Engeström, it emphasizes the role of tools, language, and social interactions in shaping behavior. Activities are understood as dynamic systems involving individuals, communities, and mediating artifacts, which collectively contribute to achieving specific objectives. Sociologists use activity theory to study how individuals adapt to social roles, engage with organizational practices, and influence their environments. It is widely applied in education, workplace studies, and aging research, offering insights into how cultural norms and technological advancements mediate human behavior. By focusing on the interplay between individual agency and structural constraints, activity theory provides a robust framework for analyzing social and institutional dynamics.