Atavism

Atavism refers to the recurrence of traits, behaviors, or characteristics from earlier stages of human evolution or cultural history. Originally used in evolutionary theory, the term was later adopted by sociologists and criminologists, notably Cesare Lombroso, to describe individuals who exhibit “primitive” tendencies that deviate from modern norms. While now largely discredited in criminology, atavism remains relevant in discussions about societal regression, cultural nostalgia, or the persistence of archaic practices within modern contexts. Sociologists critique the deterministic assumptions underlying early uses of atavism, instead focusing on how societal structures shape behaviors. The concept highlights how historical and evolutionary contexts influence contemporary identities and practices.